Shock is a life-threatening state of cellular hypoperfusion. Promptly recognizing the type of shock based on clinical signs and hemodynamic monitoring guides appropriate resuscitation.
Shock Classifications
- Hypovolemic Shock: Caused by severe fluid loss (hemorrhage, dehydration). Characterized by: Low blood pressure, cold/clammy skin, high heart rate, decreased urine output. Treatment: IV fluids (crystalloids) and blood products.
- Cardiogenic Shock: Caused by pump failure (myocardial infarction, arrhythmias). Characterized by: Elevated jugular venous distention, pulmonary congestion/crackles. Treatment: Inotropes (Dobutamine) and vasopressors; fluid resuscitation is restricted.
- Distributive (Septic, Anaphylactic, Neurogenic) Shock: Caused by widespread vasodilation. Septic shock features warm skin initially (hyperdynamic phase) followed by cold/clammy skin (hypodynamic phase).
Key Differentiator: Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) is elevated in hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock (due to compensatory vasoconstriction) but is severely reduced in septic shock (due to vasodilation).
